[16], As the movement progressed, a Swahili backronym was adopted: "Mzungu Aende Ulaya, Mwafrika Apate Uhuru" meaning "Let the foreigner go back abroad, let the African regain independence". I said to them that if they didn't tell me where to find the rest of the gang I'd kill them too. [13] Mau Mau's politicisation within Kenya appears to continue up to the present. With Chet Huntley. Contract labourers are those who sign a contract of service before a magistrate, for periods varying from three to twelve months. A The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. [239] In April 2011, lawyers for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office continued to maintain that there was no such policy. [70] From the early 1930s, however, two others began to come to prominence: effective and elected African-political-representation, and land. Kenyan Emergency) je naziv za oružani sukob koji se od 1952. do 1960. vodio u tadašnjoj Britanskoj Keniji između nacionalističkih paravojnih formacija lokalnog crnog stanovništva, pretežno iz naroda Kikuyu na jednoj, te britanskih vojnih, policijskih i paravojnih … Lonsdale, John (1990). "[21] Though declared a colony in 1920, the formal British colonial presence in Kenya began with a proclamation on 1 July 1895, in which Kenya was claimed as a British protectorate. [257] According to the Kenyan Government, Mashujaa Day will be a time for Kenyans to remember and honour Mau Mau and other Kenyans who participated in the fight for African freedom and Kenya's independence. Dozens of babies[169] were born to women in captivity: "We really do need cloths for the children as it is impossible to keep them clean and tidy while dressed on dirty pieces of sacking and blanket", wrote one colonial officer. [22], Even before 1895, however, Britain's presence in Kenya was marked by dispossession and violence. . [70] The British response to this clamour for agrarian reform came in the early 1930s when they set up the Carter Land Commission. Thus, while the moderates on the wanted list awaited capture, the real militants, such as Dedan Kimathi and Stanley Mathenge (both later principal leaders of Mau Mau's forest armies), fled to the forests. [137], Baring knew the massive deportations to the already-overcrowded reserves could only make things worse. As a result of the situation in the highlands, thousands of Kikuyu migrated into cities in search of work, contributing to the doubling of Nairobi's population between 1938 and 1952. [C] By the end of WWI, squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters comprising the majority of agricultural workers on settler plantations. . By early 1954, tens of thousands of head of livestock had been taken, and were allegedly never returned. This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate … Contrary to British propaganda and western perceptions of the time, the Mau Mau attacks were mostly well organised and planned. [183] Villagisation also solved the practical and financial problems associated with a further, massive expansion of the Pipeline programme,[184] and the removal of people from their land hugely assisted the enaction of Swynnerton Plan. For the next year, the Service's A.M. MacDonald would reorganise the Special Branch of the Kenya Police, promote collaboration with Special Branches in adjacent territories, and oversee coordination of all intelligence activity "to secure the intelligence Government requires". The vast majority of Kenyan employees' violations of labour legislation were settled with "rough justice" meted out by their employers. "[53] In return for his services, a squatter was entitled to use some of the settler's land for cultivation and grazing. The Ruck Family massacre took place during the Mau Mau Uprising.Farmer Roger Ruck, his wife Esme and six-year-old son Michael, along with one of their African servants, were killed by Mau Mau, one of whom allegedly worked for the family. . Detainees were screened and re-screened for confessions and intelligence, then re-classified accordingly. were physically sick and said 'These people are animals. At no other time or place in the British empire was capital punishment dispensed so liberally—the total is more than double the number executed by the French in Algeria. The Daily Nation (22 April 2004) "Horrors of Hola detention camp." "Mau Mau & Nationhood: The Untold Story". "[131], While some of these villages were to protect loyalist Kikuyu, "most were little more than concentration camps to punish Mau Mau sympathizers. 3 Oct 1952–? [137], Contrary to that which is sometimes claimed, Lancaster bombers were not used during the Emergency, though Lincolns were. [87] Kenyatta described the conflict in his memoirs as a civil war rather than a rebellion. Europeans killed: 32, The Mau Mau Uprising (also known as the Mau Mau Revolt, Mau Mau Rebellion, Kenya Emergency and 'Manjeneti (Gîkûyû)) was a military conflict that took place in Kenya[B] between 1952 and 1960. . —Meru's Dictrict Commissioner, 6 November 1954, —Kenyan Attorney-General Eric Griffith-Jones, Colonial conflicts involving the English overseas possessions/, State of Emergency declared (October 1952), Political and social concessions by the British. [64] The colonial government duly tightened the measures to force more Kenyans to become low-paid wage-labourers on settler farms. "Essence of ethnicity: an African perspective". [232], A Times editorial noted with satisfaction that "Mr Justice McCombe told the FCO, in effect, to get lost. Once in camp, talking was forbidden outside the detainees' accommodation huts, though improvised communication was rife. Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising, File:Kenyan Emergency surrender pass January 1955.jpg, Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives, "Class V; House of Commons Debate, 1 June 1894", http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1894/jun/01/class-v#S4V0025P0_18940601_HOC_113, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/travel/l-out-of-africa-416786.html, "Native Labour; House of Commons Debate, 10 November 1937", http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1937/nov/10/native-labour, "Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict", "Historian, Kenya native's book on Mau Mau revolt", http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/index-ba.html, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/23/the-end-of-the-mau-mau, "Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy", "East African Policy; House of Lords Debate, 7 December 1927", http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1927/dec/07/east-african-policy#column_572, "British colonial files released following legal challenge", http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-empire-british-government-responsibility, "Taking on the Boss: The quiet whistleblowers on events in Kenya deserve praise", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article2982973.ece, http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9449000/9449775.stm, "Secret memo gave guidelines on abuse of Mau Mau in 1950s", http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/mau-mau-high-court-foreign-office-documents, http://www.opendemocracy.net/david-elstein/daniel-goldhagen-and-kenya-recycling-fantasy, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/1999/0821/99082100081.html, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/426100.stm, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2429227.stm, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3196245.stm, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1531184/Mau-Mau-veterans-issue-writ-deadline.html, "Mau Mau veterans to sue over British 'atrocities'", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/mau-mau-veterans-to-sue-over-british-atrocities-417565.html, http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/news/professor-elkins-helps-make-case-aged-kenyan-veterans-deserve-justice, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/2416049.stm, " 'He came with pliers'—Kenyan alleges torture by British colonial authorities", "Mau Mau case: UK government cannot be held liable", "Kenyan veterans celebrate first victory in compensation claim", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3101139.ece, "In court to face the ghosts of the past", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2977473.ece, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4318277.stm, "Kenyans sue UK for alleged colonial human rights abuses", http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/05/kenyans-sue-uk-colonial-human-rights-abuses, "Mau Mau victims seek compensation from UK for alleged torture", http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/07/kenyans-mau-mau-compensation-case, "Mau Mau torture claim Kenyans win right to sue British government", http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/21/mau-mau-torture-kenyans-compensation, "Mau Mau Kenyans allowed to sue UK government", "Kenyans can sue over 'colonial torture' ", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3100937.ece, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/leaders/article3101596.ece, "Torture device No 1: the legal rubber stamp", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/benmacintyre/article2981528.ece, "Kenyans were tortured during Mau Mau rebellion, High Court hears", http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/9407422/Kenyans-were-tortured-during-Mau-Mau-rebellion-High-Court-hears.html, "Brutal beatings and the 'roasting alive' of a suspect: what secret Mau Mau files reveal", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2983138.ece, "My critics ignored evidence of torture in Mau Mau detention camps", http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/14/torture-mau-mau-camps-kenya, "New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article2992053.ece, "Cabinet 'hushed up' torture of Mau Mau rebels", http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cabinet-hushed-up-torture-of-mau-mau-rebels-2264955.html, "Tales of brutality and violence that could open the claims floodgate", http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article2973063.ece, "It's not just Kenya. [175], So it was that in June 1954, the War Council took the decision to undertake a full-scale forced-resettlement programme of Kiambu, Nyeri, Murang'a and Embu Districts to cut off Mau Mau's supply lines. The place was little better than a wilderness when I first knew it 25 years ago, and it remains a wilderness to-day as far as our efforts are concerned. The screenplay concerns a British family living in East Africa, who become embroiled in the Mau Mau Uprising. Lack of timely and accurate intelligence meant bombing was rather haphazard, but almost 900 insurgents had been killed or wounded by air attack by June 1954, and it did cause forest gangs to disband, lower their morale, and induce their pronounced relocation from the forests to the reserves. Captured: 2,633, British and African security forces: [67], Kenyan employees were often poorly treated by their European employers—sometimes even beaten to death by them—with some settlers arguing that Africans "were as children and should be treated as such". In driving a wedge between Mau Mau and the Kikuyu generally, these propaganda efforts essentially played no role, though they could apparently claim an important contribution to the isolation of Mau Mau from the non-Kikuyu sections of the population. Er brachte in den 1950er Jahren die Grundfesten der britischen Herrschaft in der ostafrikanischen Siedlerkolonie ins Wanken. [171], There were originally two types of works camps envisioned by Baring: the first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. [104] Through the summer of 1952, however, Colonial Secretary Oliver Lyttelton in London received a steady flow of reports from Acting Governor Henry Potter about the escalating seriousness of Mau Mau violence,[105] but it was not until the later part of 1953 that British politicians began to accept that the rebellion was going to take some time to deal with. If you can improve it, please do.This article has been rated as C-Class. Regarding the Mau Mau Uprising, the records included confirmation of "the extent of the violence inflicted on suspected Mau Mau rebels"[237] in British detention camps documented in Caroline Elkins' otherwise flawed study. [204], [E]lectric shock was widely used, as well as cigarettes and fire. In January 1953, six of the most prominent detainees from Jock Scott, including Kenyatta, were put on trial, primarily to justify the declaration of the Emergency to critics in London. From the start, the land was the primary British interest in Kenya, which had "some of the richest agricultural soils in the world, mostly in districts where the elevation and climate make it possible for Europeans t… [74] By the mid-1950s, 90% of Kikuyu, Embu and Meru were oathed.[75]. ——— (2012). [119], The day after the round up, another prominent loyalist chief, Nderi, was hacked to pieces,[120] and a series of gruesome murders against settlers were committed throughout the months that followed. All Africans were taken to temporary barbed-wire enclosures, whereafter those who were not Kikuyu, Embu or Meru were released; those who were remained in detention for screening. A feature of all settler societies during the colonial period was the ability of European settlers to obtain for themselves a disproportionate share in land ownership. In Africa to have peace you must first teach obedience and the only person who teaches the lesson properly is the sword. [119][126] The trial itself was claimed to have featured a suborned lead defence-witness, a bribed judge, and other serious violations of the right to a fair trial. [41], You may travel through the length and breadth of Kitui Reserve and you will fail to find in it any enterprise, building, or structure of any sort which Government has provided at the cost of more than a few sovereigns for the direct benefit of the natives. While the Pipeline was primarily designed for adult males, a few thousand women and young girls were detained at an all-women camp at Kamiti, as well as a number of unaccompanied young children. [46] The near-total neglect of African farming during the first two decades of European settlement was noted by the East Africa Commission. Mau Mau Uprising has been listed as a level-5 vital article in History. [76] There is dispute over Thuku's reason for leaving KASU: Bethwell Ogot states that Thuku "found the responsibility too heavy";[76] David Anderson states that "he walked out in disgust" as the militant section of KASU took the initiative. African political activity was permitted to resume at the end of the military phase of the Emergency. [83], By the mid-1960s, this atavistic, psychopathic view of Mau Mau was being challenged by memoirs of former members and leaders that portrayed Mau Mau as an essential, if radical, component of African nationalism in Kenya, and by academic studies that analysed the movement as a modern and nationalist response to the unfairness and oppression of colonial domination (though such studies downplayed the specifically Kikuyu nature of the movement). D During the Emergency, screening was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect. There's neither hate nor apprehension in their gaze. Victims of Mau Mau:[3][6] . During the first stage, the British tried to decapitate the movement by declaring a State of Emergency before arresting 180 alleged Mau Mau leaders (see Operation Jock Scott below) and subjecting six of them to a show trial (the Kapenguria Six); the second stage began in earnest in 1954, when they undertook a series of major economic, military and penal initiatives. Slaughter, Barbara. [4], Philip Mitchell retired as Kenya's governor in summer 1952, having turned a blind eye to Mau Mau's increasing activity. The uprising was, in David Anderson's words, "a story of atrocity and excess on both sides, a dirty war from which no one emerged with much pride, and certainly no glory. If the H. of C. gets hold of it, all our plans in E.A.P. Kariuki, a member of Mau Mau who was detained during the conflict, postulates that the British preferred to use the term Mau Mau instead of KLFA in an attempt to deny the Mau Mau rebellion international legitimacy. In the early 1920s, though, despite the presence of 100,000 squatters and tens of thousands more wage labourers,[63] there was still not enough African labour available to satisfy the settlers' needs. [111], The second stage had three main planks: a large military-sweep of Nairobi leading to the internment of tens of thousands of the city's suspected Mau Mau members and sympathisers (see Operation Anvil below); the enaction of major agrarian reform (the Swynnerton Plan); and the institution of a vast villagisation programme for more than a million rural Kikuyu (see below). Bottles (often broken), gun barrels, knives, snakes, vermin, and hot eggs were thrust up men's rectums and women's vaginas. [87][245] An example of this impunity is the case of eight colonial officials accused of having prisoners tortured to death going unpunished even after their crimes were reported to London. [50] The Kikuyu did mount a legal challenge to the expropriation of their land, but a Kenya High Court decision of 1921 cemented its legality. "[179] The villagisation programme was the coup de grâce for Mau Mau. . No war can justify such gruesome actions. How historically necessary was Mau Mau? [85][86] Nevertheless, as many Kikuyu fought against Mau Mau on the side of the colonial government as joined them in rebellion[13] and, partly because of this, the conflict is now often regarded in academic circles as an intra-Kikuyu civil war,[12][86] a characterisation that remains extremely unpopular in Kenya. [221] The remaining four test claimants are: Ndiku Mutua, who was castrated; Paulo Muoka Nzili, who was castrated; Jane Muthoni Mara, who was subjected to sexual assault that included having bottles filled with boiling water pushed up her vagina; and Wambugu Wa Nyingi, who survived the Hola massacre. "Colonial Land Policies: The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush, 1932–4". Belligerents United Kingdom Mau MauCommanders and leaders John Mbiu KoinangeStrength 3Casualties and losses 1 dead The Assassination of Waruhiu was the murder of Kenyan Chief Waruhiu by Mau Mau.1 The Chief was a supporter of British presence in Kenya and was shot in his car; at his funeral, Governor Evelyn Baring called him "a great man, a great African and a … Whatever the actual number of victims, "[t]he grim truth was that, for every person who died in Lari's first massacre, at least two more were killed in retaliation in the second. After their successful dispersion and containment, Erskine went after the forest fighters' source of supplies, money and recruits, i.e. During transit, there was frequently little or no food and water provided, and seldom any sanitation. "[206], Settler groups, displeased with the government's response to the increasing Mau Mau threat created their own units to combat the Mau Mau. [131] In May 1953, the decision was made to send General George Erskine to oversee the restoration of order in the colony. . These figures do not include the many hundreds of Africans who 'disappeared', and whose bodies were never found. [49] Confiscating land from Africans itself helped to create a pool of wage labourers, but the colony introduced measures that forced more Africans to submit to wage labour: the introduction of the Hut and Poll Taxes (1901 and 1910 respectively);[49][53] the establishment of reserves for each ethnic group, serving to isolate each ethnic group and exacerbate overcrowding;[54] the discouragement of Africans' growing cash crops;[49] the Masters and Servants Ordinance (1906) and an identification pass known as the kipande (1918) to control the movement of labour and to curb desertion;[49][55] and the exemption of wage labourers from forced labour and other compulsory, detested tasks such as conscription. Refusing to give more land to the Kikuyu in the reserves, which could have been seen as a concession to Mau Mau, Baring turned instead in 1953 to Roger Swynnerton, Kenya's assistant director of agriculture. Regarding decolonisation, the most common view is that Kenya's independence came about as a result of the British government's deciding that a continuance of colonial rule would entail a greater use of force than that which the British public would tolerate. [115] Detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels were finally released in April 2012. [78], The contemporary, colonial view saw Mau Mau as a savage, violent, and depraved tribal cult, an expression of unrestrained emotion rather than reason. Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [250][251] The UK government then opted for what the claimants' lawyers called the "morally repugnant" decision to appeal McCombe's ruling. Operation Mushroom extended bombing beyond the forest limits in May 1954, and Churchill consented to its continuation in January 1955. [112], A variety of persuasive techniques were initiated by the colonial authorities to punish and break Mau Mau's support: Baring ordered punitive communal-labour, collective fines and other collective punishments, and further confiscation of land and property. By 1956, the British had granted direct election of African members of the Legislative Assembly, followed shortly thereafter by an increase in the number of African seats to fourteen. The end of 1955 also saw screeners being given a freer hand in interrogation, and harsher conditions than straightforward confession were imposed on detainees before they were deemed 'cooperative' and eligible for final release. [94][95] By 1950, these differences, and the impact of colonial rule, had given rise to three African political blocks: conservative, moderate nationalist and militant nationalist. [218][219], Once the ban was removed, former Mau Mau members who had been castrated or otherwise tortured were supported by the Kenya Human Rights Commission, in particular by the Commission's George Morara, in their attempt to take on the British government;[220][221] their lawyers had amassed 6,000 depositions regarding human rights abuses by late 2002.
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